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Iris Barsan

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The Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCAR) is the first package of European legislation that was enacted to regulate cryptocurrencies and related services. The EU saw the need for specific rules addressing market abuse in crypto-assets to “ensure confidence (…) and integrity of those markets.” This is justified by the fact that many “issuers of crypto-assets and crypto-asset service providers are very often SMEs”. Applying the full scope of Regulation (EU) No 596/2014 on market…

Last month, the French Financial Markets Regulator (AMF) delivered an ICO “VISA” to a company called WPO, which plans to issue a GreenToken between September and November of this year. WPO is one of Europe’s leading independent asset management and service platforms, specialising in wind and solar energy. WPO claims to have the capacity to collect and analyse a huge set of data relating to wind and solar assets, thereby enabling it to improve the…

France has regulated Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and intermediaries providing crypto-asset services by virtue of its PACTE law n° 2019-486 of 22 May 2019. Its aim was twofold: France wanted to attract meritorious projects to its territory while also bringing this ecosystem within the ambit of regulation. Thus, while France transposed the EU Fifth Anti-Money Laundering-Directive (AML-Directive), it went a step further by imposing additional regulatory duties on intermediaries. In this respect, it has provided…