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Potentially in connection with the recent events rocking the crypto industry, FINRA is conducting a new sweep on “Crypto Asset Communications” by broker-dealers. If they haven’t already received the request, broker-dealers with crypto-related affiliates likely will be contacted. Notably, this is the first announced sweep that FINRA has issued in over a year. This Crypto Asset sweep is not limited to communications about crypto assets that are “securities,” and it requests recent crypto asset communications over a…

On November 20, 2022, two Estonian citizens were arrested in Tallinn, Estonia on the basis of an indictment returned by a grand jury in the Western District of Washington. The indictment against Sergei Potapenko and Ivan Turõgin contains 18 criminal counts including: conspiracy, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. The two are alleged to have defrauded hundreds of thousands of would-be investors in a virtual currency bank as well as fraud in connection…

This post concerns a lawsuit brought by the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The complaint alleges that, from approximately June 1, 2019 to approximately August 23, 2021, bZeroX, LLC (bZeroX) designed, deployed, marketed, and made solicitations concerning a blockchain-based software protocol that accepted orders for and facilitated margined and leveraged retail commodity transactions (functioning similarly to a trading platform). This protocol (the bZx Protocol) permitted users to contribute margin (collateral) to open leveraged positions…

Early posts in this blog mentioned how former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chairman Jay Clayton famously told Congress in February 2018 that “I believe every ICO I’ve seen is a security.” His successor, current SEC Chairman Gary Gensler, has said on multiple occasions (for example, here) that he believes the vast majority of digital tokens are securities. In a decision issued on November 7, 2022, U.S. District Judge Paul J. Barbadoro held that…

On November 7, 2022, the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York announced that James Zhong (“Zhong”) plead guilty to one count of wire fraud for stealing over 50,000 Bitcoin (valued at the time of seizure at over USD 3.36 billion) from the now defunct Silk Road dark web marketplace. Zhong has not yet been sentenced but could face a maximum of 20 years in prison. This marks yet another major victory for…

In yet another example of the United States government’s commitment to investigate and prosecute crimes involving cryptocurrency, two men from Massachusetts were sentenced on October 19, 2022 for their creation of a scheme with the intent to steal cryptocurrencies from high-profile executives in the crypto community as well as gain access to their social media accounts. Both of the men received sentences of slightly over two years in prison. The two men employed a simple,…

Bittrex, Inc. is a company based in Bellevue, Washington that provides an online virtual currency exchange and hosted wallet services. The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) alleged that Bittrex violated programs for sanctions against Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria, as well as Ukraine-related. More specifically, according to OFAC, Bittrex failed to prevent persons apparently located in the sanctioned jurisdictions from using its platform to engage in over $263 million worth…

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced on October 3, 2022 that it brought charges against Kim Kardashian for touting on social media a crypto asset security offered and sold by EthereumMax without disclosing the payment she received for the promotion. The following are based on the SEC Order, On June 13, 2021, Kardashian promoted EthereumMax with a post on her Instagram account. She received approximately $250,000 for the post. At the time of her…

On September 15, 2022 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”) issued an order denying the SEC Enforcement Division’s (“Enforcement”) motion to expedite enforcement proceedings against American CryptoFed DAO LLC (“CryptoFed”) an issuer of digital assets. CyrptoFed had previously filed a Form 10 registration statement with the SEC seeking to register two classes of digital assets, the Ducat and Locke tokens, as equity securities under Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of…

On September 16, 2022 the White House released its Comprehensive Framework for Responsible Development of Digital Assets (Framework) for how the administration plans to address digital assets as a part of its “whole-of-government approach”, which was first outlined in a March 9 Executive Order (EO) issued by President Joe Biden. In the short-term, the Framework does little to alter the regulatory uncertainty that has allowed many bad actors in the digital asset space to thrive while stymieing responsible growth. There are…